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<title>Enhanced geothermal system</title>

</head>

Enhanced geothermal system

</h1>

</header>

An enhanced geothermal system (EGS) generates <a href="Geothermal_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal electricity">geothermal electricity</a> without natural <a href="Convection" title="Convection">convective</a> hydrothermal resources. Traditionally, geothermal power systems operated only where naturally occurring heat, water, and rock <a href="Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">permeability</a> are sufficient to allow energy extraction.<a href="#cite_note-utilization-1">[1]</a> However, most geothermal energy within reach of conventional techniques is in dry and impermeable rock.<a href="#cite_note-Duchane-2">[2]</a> EGS technologies expand the availability of geothermal resources through stimulation methods, such as 'hydraulic stimulation'.

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li>

<li><a href="Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">Carbon-neutral fuel</a></li>

<li><a href="Crosswind_kite_power" title="Crosswind kite power">Crosswind kite power</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">Geothermal heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a>

<ul><li><a href="Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li>

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<li><a href="Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Marine current power</a></li>

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<li><a href="Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal</a></li>

<li><a href="Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic power</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Nuclear_power_proposed_as_renewable_energy" title="Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy">Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy</a></li></ul></td>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

In many rock formations natural cracks and pores do not allow water to flow at economic rates. <a href="Permeability_(Earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (Earth sciences)">Permeability</a> can be enhanced by hydro-shearing, pumping high-pressure water down an <a href="Injection_well" title="Injection well">injection well</a> into naturally-fractured rock. The injection increases the fluid pressure in the rock, triggering shear events that expand pre-existing cracks and enhance the site's permeability. As long as the injection pressure is maintained, high permeability is not required, nor are <a href="Hydraulic_fracturing_proppants" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing proppants">hydraulic fracturing proppants</a> required to maintain the fractures in an open state.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

Hydro-shearing is different from <a href="Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic tensile fracturing</a>, used in the oil and gas industry, which can create new fractures in addition to expanding existing fractures.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

Water passes through the fractures, absorbing heat until forced to the surface as hot water. The water's heat is converted into <a href="Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> using either a <a href="Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> or a <a href="Binary_power_plant_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary power plant system">binary power plant system</a>, which cools the water.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The water is cycled back into the ground to repeat the process.

EGS plants are <a href="Base_load" title="Base load">baseload</a> resources that produce power at a constant rate. Unlike hydrothermal, EGS is apparently feasible anywhere in the world, depending on the resource depth. Good locations are typically over deep <a href="Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> covered by a 3–5 kilometres (1.9–3.1 mi) layer of insulating sediments that slow heat loss.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

Advanced drilling techniques can penetrate hard crystalline rock to depths of up to, or exceeding, 15 km, providing access to higher-temperature rock (400 °C and above) as temperature increases with depth.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

EGS plants are expected to have an economic lifetime of 20–30 years.<a href="#cite_note-INEL-8">[8]</a>

EGS systems are under development in <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The world's largest EGS project is a 25-<a href="Watt#Megawatt" title="Watt">megawatt</a> demonstration plant in <a href="Cooper_Basin" title="Cooper Basin">Cooper Basin</a>, Australia. Cooper Basin has the potential to generate 5,000–10,000 MW.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_and_development">Research and development</h2></div>

EGS technologies use a variety of methods to create additional flow paths. EGS projects have combined hydraulic, chemical, thermal, and explosive stimulation methods. Some EGS projects operate at the edges of hydrothermal sites where drilled wells intersect hot, yet impermeable, reservoir rocks. Stimulation methods enhance that permeability. The table below shows EGS projects around the world.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Country

</th>

<th>State/region

</th>

<th>Year Start

</th>

<th>Stimulation method

</th>

<th>References

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Mosfellssveit

</td>

<td>Iceland

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1970

</td>

<td>Thermal and hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Fenton Hill

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>New Mexico

</td>

<td>1973

</td>

<td>Hydraulic and chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Bad Urach

</td>

<td>Germany

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1977

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Falkenberg

</td>

<td>Germany

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1977

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Rosemanowes_Quarry" title="Rosemanowes Quarry">Rosemanowes</a>

</td>

<td>UK

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1977

</td>

<td>Hydraulic and explosive

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Le Mayet

</td>

<td>France

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1978

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>East Mesa

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>California

</td>

<td>1980

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Krafla

</td>

<td>Iceland

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1980

</td>

<td>Thermal

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Baca

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>New Mexico

</td>

<td>1981

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Geysers Unocal

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>California

</td>

<td>1981

</td>

<td>Explosive

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Beowawe

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>Nevada

</td>

<td>1983

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Bruchal

</td>

<td>Germany

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1983

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Fjällbacka

</td>

<td>Sweden

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1984

</td>

<td>Hydraulic and chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Neustadt-Glewe

</td>

<td>Germany

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1984

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hijiori

</td>

<td>Japan

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1985

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Soultz

</td>

<td>France

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1986

</td>

<td>Hydraulic and chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Altheim

</td>

<td>Austria

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1989

</td>

<td>Chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hachimantai

</td>

<td>Japan

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1989

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Ogachi

</td>

<td>Japan

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1989

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Sumikawa

</td>

<td>Japan

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1989

</td>

<td>Thermal

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Tyrnyauz

</td>

<td>Russia

</td>

<td>`

</td>

<td>1991

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Bacman

</td>

<td>Philippines

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1993

</td>

<td>Chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Seltjarnarnes

</td>

<td>Iceland

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1994

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Mindanao

</td>

<td>Philippines

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1995

</td>

<td>Chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Bouillante

</td>

<td>France

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1996

</td>

<td>Thermal

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Leyte

</td>

<td>Philippines

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1996

</td>

<td>Chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hunter Valley

</td>

<td>Australia

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1999

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Groß Schönebeck

</td>

<td>Germany

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2000

</td>

<td>Hydraulic and chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Tiwi

</td>

<td>Philippines

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2000

</td>

<td>Chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Berlin

</td>

<td>El Salvador

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2001

</td>

<td>Chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Cooper Basin: Habanero

</td>

<td>Australia

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2002

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Cooper Basin: Jolokia 1

</td>

<td>Australia

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2002

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Coso

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>California

</td>

<td>1993, 2005

</td>

<td>Hydraulic and chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Hellisheidi

</td>

<td>Iceland

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1993

</td>

<td>Thermal

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Genesys: Horstberg

</td>

<td>Germany

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2003

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Landau

</td>

<td>Germany

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2003

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Unterhaching

</td>

<td>Germany

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2004

</td>

<td>Chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Salak

</td>

<td>Indonesia

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2004

</td>

<td>Chemical, thermal, hydraulic and cyclic pressure loading

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Olympic Dam

</td>

<td>Australia

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2005

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Paralana

</td>

<td>Australia

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2005

</td>

<td>Hydraulic and chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Los Azufres

</td>

<td>Mexico

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2005

</td>

<td>Chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Basel

</td>

<td>Switzerland

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2006

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Larderello

</td>

<td>Italy

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>1983, 2006

</td>

<td>Hydraulic and chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Insheim_Geothermal_Power_Station" title="Insheim Geothermal Power Station">Insheim</a>

</td>

<td>Germany

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2007

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Desert Peak

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>Nevada

</td>

<td>2008

</td>

<td>Hydraulic and chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Brady Hot Springs

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>Nevada

</td>

<td>2008

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Southeast Geysers

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>California

</td>

<td>2008

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Genesys: Hannover

</td>

<td>Germany

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2009

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>St. Gallen

</td>

<td>Switzerland

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2009

</td>

<td>Hydraulic and chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>New York Canyon

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>Nevada

</td>

<td>2009

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Northwest Geysers

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>California

</td>

<td>2009

</td>

<td>Thermal

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Newberry

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>Oregon

</td>

<td>2010

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Mauerstetten

</td>

<td>Germany

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2011

</td>

<td>Hydraulic and chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Soda Lake

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>Nevada

</td>

<td>2011

</td>

<td>Explosive

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Raft River

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>Idaho

</td>

<td>1979, 2012

</td>

<td>Hydraulic and thermal

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Blue Mountain

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>Nevada

</td>

<td>2012

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Rittershoffen

</td>

<td>France

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2013

</td>

<td>Thermal, hydraulic and chemical

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Klaipėda

</td>

<td>Lithuania

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2015

</td>

<td>Jetting

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Otaniemi

</td>

<td>Finland

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2016

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>South Hungary EGS Demo

</td>

<td>Hungary

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2016

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Pohang

</td>

<td>South Korea

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2016

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>FORGE Utah

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>Utah

</td>

<td>2016

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Reykjanes

</td>

<td>Iceland

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2006, 2017

</td>

<td>Thermal

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Roter Kamm (Schneeberg)

</td>

<td>Germany

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2018

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="United_Downs_Deep_Geothermal_Power" title="United Downs Deep Geothermal Power">United Downs Deep Geothermal Power</a> (Redruth)

</td>

<td>UK

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2018

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Eden (St Austell)

</td>

<td>UK

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2018

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Qiabuqia

</td>

<td>China

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2018

</td>

<td>Thermal and hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Vendenheim

</td>

<td>France

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2019

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Project Red

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>Nevada

</td>

<td>2023

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Cape Station

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>Utah

</td>

<td>2023

</td>

<td>Hydraulic

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Geothermal_power_in_Australia" title="Geothermal power in Australia">Geothermal power in Australia</a></div>

The Australian government has provided research funding for the development of Hot Dry Rock technology. Projects include Hunter Valley (1999), Cooper Basin: Habanero (2002), Cooper Basin: Jolokia 1 (2002), and Olympic Dam (2005).<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3></div>

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The EU's EGS R&D project at <a href="Soultz-sous-For%C3%AAts" title="Soultz-sous-Forêts">Soultz-sous-Forêts</a>, France, connects a 1.5 MW demonstration plant to the grid. The Soultz project explored the connection of multiple stimulated zones and the performance of triplet well configurations (1 injector/2 producers). <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soultz-sous-For%C3%AAts" class="extiw external" title="fr:Soultz-sous-Forêts">Soultz</a> is in the <a href="Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>.

<a href="Induced_seismicity_in_Basel" title="Induced seismicity in Basel">Induced seismicity in Basel</a> led to the cancellation of the EGS project there.

The Portuguese government awarded, in December 2008, an exclusive license to Geovita Ltd to prospect and explore geothermal energy in one of the best areas in continental Portugal. Geovita is studying an area of about 500 square kilometers together with the Earth Sciences department of the University of Coimbra's Science and Technology faculty.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3></div>

The Pohang EGS project started in December 2010, with the goal of producing 1 MW.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>

The <a href="2017_Pohang_earthquake" title="2017 Pohang earthquake">2017 Pohang earthquake</a> may have been linked to the activity of the Pohang EGS project. All research activities were stopped in 2018.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="United_Downs_Deep_Geothermal_Power" title="United Downs Deep Geothermal Power">United Downs Deep Geothermal Power</a>.[<a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Downs_Deep_Geothermal_Power&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt">

<a href="United_Downs_Deep_Geothermal_Power" title="United Downs Deep Geothermal Power">United Downs Deep Geothermal Power</a> is the United Kingdom's first <a href="Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal electricity</a> project. It is situated near <a href="Redruth" title="Redruth">Redruth</a> in <a href="Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, England. It is owned and operated by Geothermal Engineering (GEL), a private UK company. The drilling site is on the <a href="United_Downs" title="United Downs">United Downs</a> industrial estate, chosen for its geology, existing grid connection, proximity to access roads and limited impact on local communities.<a href="#cite_note-United_Downs_Deep_Geothermal_Power_:1-80">[80]</a> Energy is extracted by cycling water through a naturally hot reservoir and using the heated water to drive a turbine to produce electricity and for direct heating. The company plans to begin delivering electricity (2 MWe) and heat (<10 MWth) in 2024. A <a href="Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> resource was discovered in the well.<a href="#cite_note-United_Downs_Deep_Geothermal_Power_:5-81">[81]</a></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_days_—_Fenton_Hill">Early days — Fenton Hill</h4></div>

The first EGS effort — then termed Hot Dry Rock — took place at Fenton Hill, New Mexico with a project run by the federal Los Alamos Laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> It was the first attempt to make a deep, full-scale EGS reservoir.

The EGS reservoir at Fenton Hill was completed in 1977 at a depth of about 2.6 km, exploiting rock temperatures of 185 °C. In 1979 the reservoir was enlarged with additional hydraulic stimulation and was operated for about 1 year. The results demonstrated that heat could be extracted at reasonable rates from a hydraulically stimulated region of low-permeability hot crystalline rock. In 1986, a second reservoir was prepared for initial hydraulic circulation and heat extraction testing. In a 30-day flow test with a constant reinjection temperature of 20 °C, the production temperature steadily increased to about 190 °C, corresponding to a thermal power level of about 10 MW. Budget cuts ended the study.

In 2009, The US Department of Energy (<a href="USDOE" class="mw-redirect" title="USDOE">USDOE</a>) issued two <a href="Funding_Opportunity_Announcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Funding Opportunity Announcement">Funding Opportunity Announcements</a> (FOAs) related to enhanced geothermal systems. Together, the two FOAs offered up to $84 million over six years.

The DOE opened another FOA in 2009 using stimulus funding from the <a href="American_Reinvestment_and_Recovery_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="American Reinvestment and Recovery Act">American Reinvestment and Recovery Act</a> for $350 million, including $80 million aimed specifically at EGS projects,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FORGE">FORGE</h4></div>

<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Frontier_Observatory_for_Research_in_Geothermal_Energy" title="Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy">Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy</a>.[<a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontier_Observatory_for_Research_in_Geothermal_Energy&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt">

The <a href="Frontier_Observatory_for_Research_in_Geothermal_Energy" title="Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy">Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy</a> (FORGE) is a US government program supporting research into <a href="Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frontier_Observatory_for_Research_in_Geothermal_Energy_:0-85">[85]</a> The FORGE site is near <a href="Milford%2C_Utah" title="Milford, Utah">Milford, Utah</a>, funded for up to $140 million. As of 2023, numerous test wells had been drilled, and flux measurements had been conducted, but energy production had not commenced.<a href="#cite_note-Frontier_Observatory_for_Research_in_Geothermal_Energy_:1-86">[86]</a></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cornell_University_—_Ithaca,_NY">Cornell University — Ithaca, NY</h4></div>

Developing EGS in conjunction with a <a href="District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a> system is a part in <a href="Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>'s Climate Action Plan for their Ithaca campus.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The project began in 2018 to determine feasibility, gain funding and monitor baseline seismicity.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The project received $7.2 million in <a href="United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">USDOE</a> funding.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> A test well was to be drilled in spring of 2021, at a depth of 2.5 –5 km targeting rock with a temperature > 85 °C. The site is planned to supply 20% of the campus' annual heating load. Promising geological locations for reservoir were proposed in the <a href="Trenton_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trenton Formation">Trenton</a>-<a href="Black_River_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Black River Formation">Black River</a> formation (2.2 km) or in <a href="Basement_(geology)" title="Basement (geology)">basement crystalline rock</a> (3.5 km).<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The 2 mile deep borehole was completed in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="EGS_"earthshot"">EGS "earthshot"</h4></div>

In September 2022, the Geothermal Technologies Office within the Department of Energy's <a href="Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy">Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy</a> announced an "Enhanced Geothermal Shot" as part of their Energy Earthshots campaign.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The goal of the Earthshot is to reduce the cost of EGS by 90%, to $45/megawatt hour by 2035.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_federal_funding_and_support">Other federal funding and support</h4></div>

The <a href="Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a> authorized $84 million to support EGS development through four demonstration projects.<a href="#cite_note-politico.com-94">[94]</a> The <a href="Inflation_Reduction_Act" title="Inflation Reduction Act">Inflation Reduction Act</a> extended the <a href="Production_tax_credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Production tax credit">production tax credit</a> (PTC) for renewable energy sources (including geothermal) until 2024 and included geothermal energy in the new Clean Electricity PTC to begin in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Induced_seismicity">Induced seismicity</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Induced_seismicity" title="Induced seismicity">Induced seismicity</a></div>

Induced seismicity is earth tremors caused by human activity. Seismicity is common in EGS, because of the high pressures involved.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Seismicity events at the Geysers geothermal field in California are correlated with injection activity.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a>

<a href="Induced_seismicity_in_Basel" title="Induced seismicity in Basel">Induced seismicity in Basel</a> led the city to suspend its project and later cancel the project.<a href="#cite_note-NYTswiss-99">[99]</a>

According to the Australian government, risks associated with "hydrofracturing induced seismicity are low compared to that of natural earthquakes, and can be reduced by careful management and monitoring" and "should not be regarded as an impediment to further development".<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Induced seismicity varies from site to site and should be assessed before large scale fluid injection.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="EGS_potential">EGS potential</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3></div>

A 2006 report by <a href="MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>,<a href="#cite_note-INEL-8">[8]</a> funded by the <a href="U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a>, conducted the most comprehensive analysis to date on EGS. The report offered several significant conclusions:

<ul><li>Resource size: The report calculated United States total EGS resources at 3–10 km of depth to be over 13,000 <a href="Joule" title="Joule">zettajoules</a>, of which over 200 ZJ were extractable, with the potential to increase this to over 2,000 ZJ with better technology.<a href="#cite_note-INEL-8">[8]</a> It reported that geothermal resources, including hydrothermal and geo-pressured resources, to equal 14,000 ZJ — or roughly 140,000 times U.S. primary energy use in 2005.</li>

<li>Development potential: With an R&D investment of $1 billion over 15 years, the report estimated that 100 GWe (gigawatts of electricity) or more could be available by 2050 in the United States. The report further found that "recoverable" resources (accessible with today's technology) were between 1.2 and 12.2 TW for the conservative and moderate scenarios respectively.</li>

<li>Cost: The report claimed that EGS could produce electricity for as low as 3.9 cents/kWh. EGS costs were found to be sensitive to four main factors:

<ol><li>Temperature of the resource</li>

<li>Fluid flow through the system</li>

<li>Drilling costs</li>

<li>Power conversion efficiency</li></ol></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Caprock" title="Caprock">Caprock</a></li>

<li><a href="Drilling" title="Drilling">Drilling</a></li>

<li><a href="Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">Drilling rig</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_energy_exploration_in_Central_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy exploration in Central Australia">Geothermal energy exploration in Central Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Geothermal energy in the United States">Geothermal energy in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_exploration" title="Geothermal exploration">Geothermal exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Hot_dry_rock_geothermal_energy" title="Hot dry rock geothermal energy">Hot dry rock geothermal energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Iceland_Deep_Drilling_Project" title="Iceland Deep Drilling Project">Iceland Deep Drilling Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_drilling" title="Laser drilling">Laser drilling</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosemanowes_Quarry" title="Rosemanowes Quarry">Rosemanowes Quarry</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="EERE" class="mw-redirect" title="EERE">EERE</a>:

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090316171425/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/geothermal_basics.html">Geothermal basics</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/egs_animation.html">How an Enhanced Geothermal System Works</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="NREL" class="mw-redirect" title="NREL">NREL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140320125135/http://www.nrel.gov/gis/tools_gt_prospector.html">Interactive Data Map - Geothermal Prospector Tool</a> (see Geothermal - Deep Enhanced Geothermal Potential)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://au.legalbusinessonline.com/news/breaking-news/31608/details.aspx">Geothermal investment rocks says DLA Phillips Fox</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006082635/http://au.legalbusinessonline.com/news/breaking-news/31608/details.aspx">Archived</a> 2011-10-06 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401010300/http://www.megsorg.org/">MEGSorg</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projectinnerspace.org/">Project Innerspace</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geothermal_energy426" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Geothermal_energy426" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geothermal energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_gradient" title="Geothermal gradient">Geothermal gradient</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">Geothermal heating</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Armenia</li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_Australia" title="Geothermal power in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_Canada" title="Geothermal power in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_Chile" title="Geothermal power in Chile">Chile</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_China" title="Geothermal power in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_Denmark" title="Geothermal power in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_El_Salvador" title="Geothermal power in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_Germany" title="Geothermal power in Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Hungary">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_Iceland" title="Geothermal power in Iceland">Iceland</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_Indonesia" title="Geothermal power in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_Italy" title="Geothermal power in Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_Japan" title="Geothermal power in Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_Kenya" title="Geothermal power in Kenya">Kenya</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_energy_in_Lebanon" title="Geothermal energy in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>

<li><a href="Klaip%C4%97da_Geothermal_Demonstration_Plant" title="Klaipėda Geothermal Demonstration Plant">Lithuania</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_in_Mexico#Geothermal_power" title="Energy in Mexico">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_New_Zealand" title="Geothermal power in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_the_Philippines" title="Geothermal power in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_Portugal" title="Geothermal power in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_Romania" title="Geothermal power in Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_Russia" title="Geothermal power in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_energy_in_Turkey" title="Geothermal energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal power in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Geothermal energy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Binary_cycle" title="Binary cycle">Binary cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_desalination" title="Geothermal desalination">Desalination</a></li>

<li><a href="District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">Capacity factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">Energy storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_subsidy" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li>Portals: <a href="Portal%3AEnergy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portal%3ARenewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-16" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Enhanced_geothermal_system&oldid=1295872237">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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